1984年反锡克教骚乱
1984年反锡克教骚乱是印度總理英迪拉·甘地被锡克教保镖刺杀后，印度全國範圍內發起的一系列针对锡克人的有组织的屠杀。[1][2][3][4][5][6]政府估计，在德里，就有约有 2,800 名锡克教徒被杀[3][7] ，全国範圍內有 3,350名锡克教徒被杀， [8][9]而其他消息来源估计死亡人数约为8,000-17,000人。[10][11][12][13]
一些印度国民大会党籍官员被指與暴民合谋制造暴力事件，而司法部门未能严惩肇事者，這导致更多的锡克教徒開始支持卡利斯坦运动。 [14]永恒王座认为此次騷亂是一場种族灭绝。 [15][16][17] 印度中央调查局认为，德里警方和一些中央政府官员合謀策劃了此次騷亂。 [18]
2011年，人权观察表示，印度政府“依然未起诉大屠杀的责任人”。[19]根据维基解密的說法，美国當局确信印度国民大会党参与了骚乱，美國方面認為此次騷亂是印度国民大会党控制下的印度政府对锡克教徒的復仇。 [20]尽管美国當局没有将此次骚乱定性为种族灭绝，但美國當局承认在此次騷亂中許多人的人權受到严重侵犯。 [21]
2018年12月，印度国大党领导人萨詹·库马尔被逮捕，并被德里高等法院判处终身监禁。 [22] 此外只有一名被告人因涉嫌在德里谋杀锡克教徒一而被判处死刑。 [23][24][25]
参考文献[编辑]
- ^ State pogroms glossed over.
- ^ Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant. Rediff.com. [23 September 2009]. （原始内容存档于22 October 2018）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Bedi, Rahul. Indira Gandhi's death remembered. BBC. 1 November 2009 [2 November 2009]. （原始内容存档于2 November 2009）.
The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing
- ^ Jeffrey M. Shaw; Timothy J. Demy. War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 27 March 2017: 129 [30 November 2018]. ISBN 978-1610695176. （原始内容存档于26 April 2022）.
- ^ Paul R. Brass. Riots and Pogroms. NYU Press. October 1996: 203 [30 November 2018]. ISBN 978-0814712825. （原始内容存档于30 October 2020）.
- ^ Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara. Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India (PDF) 2nd. Portland, OR: Ensaaf. 2006: 27 [4 November 2010]. ISBN 978-0-9787073-0-9. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于19 January 2012）.
- ^ What Delhi HC Order on 1984 Anti-Sikh Pogrom Says About 2002 Gujarat Riots. [31 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于31 May 2019）.
- ^ Why Gujarat 2002 Finds Mention in 1984 Riots Court Order on Sajjan Kumar. [31 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于31 May 2019）.
- ^ Joseph, Paul. The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. SAGE. 11 October 2016: 433. ISBN 978-1483359885.
around 17,000 Sikhs were burned alive or killed
- ^ Nelson, Dean. Delhi to reopen inquiry in to massacre of Sikhs in 1984 riots. The Daily Telegraph (London). 30 January 2014 [3 May 2016]. （原始内容
存档于12 January 2022）.
- ^ Jagdish Tytler's role in 1984 anti-Sikh riots to be re-investigated. NDTV.com. [3 May 2016]. （原始内容存档于18 April 2022）.
- ^ Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. India's Anti-Sikh Riots, 30 Years On. The Diplomat. [3 May 2016]. （原始内容存档于10 July 2022）.
- ^ Dead silence: the legacy of human rights abuses in Punjab. Human Rights Watch. May 1994: 10 [14 October 2016]. ISBN 978-1-56432-130-5. （原始内容存档于28 April 2016）.
- ^ 1984 riots were 'Sikh genocide': Akal Takht – Hindustan Times. Hindustan Times. 14 July 2010 [17 July 2010]. （原始内容存档于17 July 2010）.
- ^ 1984 anti-Sikh riots: Congress leader Jagdish Tytler gets anticipatory bail. livemint.com. 2023-08-05 [2024-02-24].
- ^ Bureau, The Hindu. Ex-Congress MP Sajjan Kumar acquitted in 1984 anti-Sikh riots case. The Hindu. 2023-09-20 [2024-02-24]. ISSN 0971-751X.
- ^ 1984 anti-Sikh riots backed by Govt, police: CBI. 18电视网集团. 23 April 2012 [27 April 2012]. （原始内容存档于25 April 2012）.
- ^ World Report 2011: India (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2011: 1–5 [13 February 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于30 January 2011）.
- ^ US saw Cong hand in Sikh massacre, reveal Wiki leaks. 印度时报. 6 May 2011 [10 May 2011]. （原始内容存档于25 November 2011）.
- ^ US refuses to declare 1984 anti-Sikh riots in India as genocide. Washington: CNN-IBN. Press Trust of India. 2 April 2013 [15 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于6 April 2013）.
- ^ 1984 anti-Sikh riots: Sajjan Kumar convicted! HC reverses acquittal, hands life term to Congress leader. 17 December 2018 [17 December 2018]. （原始内容存档于17 December 2018）.
- ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India : Latest news, India, Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal, Uttarakhand, J&K, sports, cricket. [24 November 2018]. （原始内容存档于30 November 2018）.
- ^ Delhi court awards death penalty in 1984 anti-Sikh riots case: Chronology of events. India Today. 22 November 2018.
- ^ A first for SIT: Two convicted for 1984 killings. The Times of India. [17 December 2018]. （原始内容存档于11 January 2019）.
