使用者:Yining Chen/IBM 7090

IBM 7090是IBM 709（英語：IBM 709）大型計算機的第二代電晶體計算機版本。設計目的是用於「大規模的科學與技術應用」。IBM 7090是IBM 700/7000 系列（英語：IBM 700/7000 series）科學計算機的第四名成員。1959年12月，IBM 7090首次被安裝。^[1] 在1960年，一套系統的售價通常為$2,900,000（相當於2023年的$19818701 ），租金為$63,500每月（相當於2020年的$434,000）。

IBM 7090使用36位（英語：36-bit）系統，且帶有一個32,768字的地址空間（15位地址）。它以2.18 μs的基本儲存器周期運行, 且使用了來自IBM 7030（英語：IBM 7030）（Stretch）項目的IBM 7302（英語：IBM 7302）磁芯記憶體技術.

IBM 7090的處理速度約為100 FLOPS，^[2]比IBM 709快6倍，且租金較IBM709低一半。^[3]作為IBM 7090的升級版，IBM 7094較IBM 7090的運行速度快兩倍。在1969年7月14日，IBM 7090與IBM 7094都停止了銷售，但其作業系統在這之後的十年中依然可以使用。^[4]^[5]

IBM 7090使用了50,000多個鍺合金電晶體（英語：alloy-junction transistor）和（更快的）鍺擴散節^[6] 擴散基極電晶體（英語：drift-field transistor）。^[7]

輸入/輸出[編輯]

The 7090 series features a data channel architecture for input and output, a forerunner of modern 直接記憶體存取 I/O. Up to eight data channels can be attached, with up to ten IBM 729（英語：IBM 729） tape drives attached to each channel. The data channels have their own very limited set of operations called commands. These are used with tape (and later, disk) storage as well as card units and printers, and offered high performance for the time. Printing and 打孔卡 I/O, however, employed the same modified unit record equipment（英語：unit record equipment） introduced with the 704 and was slow. It became common to use a less expensive IBM 1401（英語：IBM 1401） computer to read cards onto 磁帶 for transfer to the 7090/94. Output would be written onto tape and transferred to the 1401 for printing or card punching using its much faster peripherals, notably the IBM 1403（英語：IBM 1403） line printer.

Later IBM introduced the 7094/7044 Direct Coupled System; the 7044 handled 假脫機 between its fast 1400-series peripherals and 1301 or 1302 disk files, and used data channel to data channel communication as the 7094's interface to spooled data, with the 7094 primarily performing computations. There is also a 7090/7040 DCS.

Software[編輯]

The 7090 and 7094 machines were quite successful for their time, and had a wide variety of software provided for them by IBM. In addition, there was a very active user community within the user organization, SHARE（英語：SHARE (computing)）.

IBSYS（英語：IBM 7090/94 IBSYS） is a "heavy duty" production operating system with numerous subsystem and language support options, among them Fortran, COBOL, SORT/MERGE, the MAP assembler, and others.

FMS, the Fortran Monitor System（英語：Fortran Monitor System）, was a more lightweight but still very effective system optimized for batch FORTRAN and assembler programming. The assembler provided, FAP, (FORTRAN Assembly Program（英語：IBM 700/7000 series）), was somewhat less complete than MAP, but provided excellent capabilities for the era. FMS also incorporated a considerably enhanced derivative of the FORTRAN compiler originally written for the 704 by Backus and his team.

Notable applications[編輯]

The 相容分時系統 (CTSS), the first general purpose 分時系統 operating system,^[8] developed at 麻省理工學院's Computation Center on three successive computers, an IBM 709, 7090 and 7094 with RPQs（英語：RPQ） for additional features. It eventually ran on two separate 7094s, one of them at MIT計算機科學與人工智慧實驗室.^[9]^[10]^[11]
美國國家航空暨太空總署 used 7090s, and, later, 7094s to control the 水星計劃 and 雙子座計劃 space flights. 戈達德太空飛行中心 operated three 7094s. During the early 阿波羅計劃, a 7094 was kept operational to run flight planning software that had not yet been ported to mission control's newer IBM System/360 computers. ^{[來源請求]}
Caltech/NASA 噴氣推進實驗室 had three 7094s in the Space Flight Operations Facility (SFOF, building 230), fed via tape using several 1401s, and two 7094/7044 direct-coupled systems (in buildings 125 and 156).
Erhard Glatzel used an IBM 7090 to assist in calculations for the design of the Zeiss Planar 50mm F/0.7 lens commissioned by NASA. This lens was also used by 斯坦利·庫布里克 to shoot candlelit scenes in 亂世兒女 (1975年電影).^[12]
An IBM 7090 was installed at LASL, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (Now 洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室).
In 1961, Alexander Hurwitz used a 7090 to discover two 梅森素數s, with 1,281 and 1,332 digits—the 已知最大質數 at the time.
In 1961, 麥可·米諾維奇 used 加利福尼亞大學洛杉磯分校's 7090 to tackle the 三體問題. His research was the scientific foundation of 美國國家航空暨太空總署's Planetary Grand Tour（英語：Planetary Grand Tour） project.^[13]
On February 13, 1961, an IBM 7090 was installed at the Woomera Long Range Weapons Establishment in Southern Australia.^[14]^[15]
In 1962, a pair of 7090s in Briarcliff Manor, New York（英語：Briarcliff Manor, New York）, were the basis for the original version of the SABRE（英語：Sabre (computer system)） airlines reservation system introduced by American Airlines.
The composer 伊阿尼斯·澤納基斯 wrote his piece "Atrées" using an IBM 7090 at 旺多姆廣場, Paris.
In 1962, Daniel Shanks（英語：Daniel Shanks） and 約翰·倫奇 used an IBM 7090 to compute the first 100,000 digits of $π$ .^[16]
In 1963, three 7090 systems were imported into and installed in Japan, one each at Mitsubishi Nuclear Power Co. (whose DP division later merged with Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.（英語：Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.）), IBM Japan's 數據中心 in 東京都, and 東芝 in 川崎市. They were mainly used for scientific computing.
In 1964, an early version of TRACE（英語：TRACE (computer program)）, a high-precision 軌道測定 and orbit propagation program, was used on an IBM 7090 computer.^[17]
Operation Match（英語：Operation Match）, the first computer dating service in the U.S., begun in 1965, used a 7090 at the Avco service bureau in Wilmington, Massachusetts.^[18]
In 1967, Roger N. Shepard adapted M.V. Mathews' algorithm using an IBM 7090 to synthesize 謝潑德音調s.^[19]

影視作品中[編輯]

A 7090/1401 installation is featured in the motion picture 奇愛博士, with the 1403 printer（英語：IBM 1403） playing a pivotal role in the plot
An IBM 7090 is featured in the 2016 American biographical film 隱藏人物.
IBM 7094 specs are visible scrolling on a screen in the 1997 film 黑洞表面.

另見[編輯]

9PAC（英語：IBM 709/90 9PAC）
早期IBM磁碟儲存（英語：Early IBM disk storage）
IBM 701（英語：IBM 701）
IBM 704
IBM 709（英語：IBM 709）
IBM 711（英語：IBM 711）讀卡器
IBM 716（英語：IBM 716）行式印表機
IBM 729（英語：IBM 729）磁碟驅動器
SHARE（英語：SHARE Operating System）與IBSYS（英語：IBSYS）作業系統
SQUOZE（英語：SQUOZE）
UNIVAC 1100/2200 series（英語：UNIVAC 1100/2200 series），UNIVAC的36位科學計算家族
University of Michigan Executive System（英語：University of Michigan Executive System）
IBM產品列表（英語：List of IBM products）

參考資料[編輯]

^ 於7090 Data Processing System，IBM 表明「the first 7090 was installed in December, 1959」。
^ Bailey, David. Performance of future high-end computers. ResearchGate: 4. n.d. [April 16, 2022].
^ Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. IBM's 360 and early 370 systems. MIT Press. 1991: 36. ISBN 0-262-16123-0.
^ 7090 Data Processing System. IBM. n.d. [April 16, 2022].
^ 7094 Data Processing System. IBM. n.d. [April 16, 2022].
^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為diffused的參考文獻提供內容
^ 7090 Data Processing System
^ Singh, Jai P.; Morgan, Robert P. Educational Computer Utilization and Computer Communications (PDF) (報告). St. Louis, MO: Washington University: 13. October 1971 [March 8, 2022]. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. Y/NGL-26-008-054. Much of the early development in the time-sharing field took place on university campuses.⁸ Notable examples are the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) at MIT, which was the first general purpose time-sharing system...
^ IBM 7094 Hardware Modifications for CTSS (RPQs). 麻省理工學院. n.d. [March 29, 2022].
^ The IBM 7094 and CTSS Also contains links to many original CTSS documents
^ Crisman, P.A. (編). The Compatible Time-Sharing System, A Programmer's Guide (PDF). The M.I.T Computation Center. December 31, 1969 [March 10, 2022].
^ Omaggio All.
^ Riley, Christopher; Campbell, Dallas. The maths that made Voyager possible. 英國廣播公司新聞. 23 October 2012.
^ Morton, Peter. Fire Across the Desert: Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946-1980. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1989. ISBN 0644475005.
^ Morton, Peter. Fire across the Desert : Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946-1980 (PDF Digitised 2017). Canberra: AGPS Press. 1989. ISBN 0-6481804-0-9.
^ Shanks, D.; Wrench Jr., J. W. Calculation of $π$ to 100,000 decimals. Mathematics of Computation (American Mathematical Society). 1962, 16 (77): 76–99. JSTOR 2003813. doi:10.2307/2003813. .
^ Mercer, R. J. Trace. Aerospace Orbit Determination Program. Defense Technical Information Center. 1964.
^ Mathews, T. Jay. Operation Match. The Harvard Crimson. November 3, 1965 [July 22, 2020].
^ Roger N. Shepard. Circularity in Judgements of Relative Pitch (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. December 1964, 36 (12): 2346–53. Bibcode:1964ASAJ...36.2346S. doi:10.1121/1.1919362.

延伸閱讀[編輯]

Reference Manual, IBM 7090 Data Processing System (PDF). IBM. March 1962. A22-6528-4.
Sherman, Philip M. 寫於貝爾實驗室, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA. Programming and Coding the IBM 709-7090-7094 Computers (PDF) 1. New York / London / Sydney: 約翰威立. 1963 [2020-06-18]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-06-18）.

外部連結[編輯]

IBM Archives - 7090
IBM 7090 Data Processing System from BRL61 Report
IBM 7090/94 Architecture page
IBM 7090 Music From Mathematics recorded in 1960 by Bell Labs, using the "Digital to Sound Transducer" to realize several traditional and original compositions; this album contains the original Daisy (Bicycle Built for Two).
IBM 7094 singing Daisy (mp3)
Bob Supnik's SimH project – Includes a simulator for the 7090/7094 in a user-modifiable package
Dave Pitts' IBM 7090 support – Includes a simulator, cross assembler and linker
The IBM 7094 and CTSS, Tom Van Vleck

紀錄
前任者： AN/FSQ-7（英語：AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central）	大型計算機 1960	繼任者： UNIVAC LARC（英語：UNIVAC LARC）

[1] 於7090 Data Processing System，IBM 表明「the first 7090 was installed in December, 1959」。

[2] Bailey, David. Performance of future high-end computers. ResearchGate: 4. n.d. [April 16, 2022].

[3] Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. IBM's 360 and early 370 systems. MIT Press. 1991: 36. ISBN 0-262-16123-0.

[4] 7090 Data Processing System. IBM. n.d. [April 16, 2022].

[5] 7094 Data Processing System. IBM. n.d. [April 16, 2022].

[diffused-6] 引用錯誤：沒有為名為diffused的參考文獻提供內容

[IBM-7090-7] 7090 Data Processing System

[8] Singh, Jai P.; Morgan, Robert P. Educational Computer Utilization and Computer Communications (PDF) (報告). St. Louis, MO: Washington University: 13. October 1971 [March 8, 2022]. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. Y/NGL-26-008-054. Much of the early development in the time-sharing field took place on university campuses.⁸ Notable examples are the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) at MIT, which was the first general purpose time-sharing system...

[9] IBM 7094 Hardware Modifications for CTSS (RPQs). 麻省理工學院. n.d. [March 29, 2022].

[7094CTSS-10] The IBM 7094 and CTSS Also contains links to many original CTSS documents

[ctsspg69-11] Crisman, P.A. (編). The Compatible Time-Sharing System, A Programmer's Guide (PDF). The M.I.T Computation Center. December 31, 1969 [March 10, 2022].

[12] Omaggio All.

[13] Riley, Christopher; Campbell, Dallas. The maths that made Voyager possible. 英國廣播公司新聞. 23 October 2012.

[14] Morton, Peter. Fire Across the Desert: Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946-1980. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1989. ISBN 0644475005.

[15] Morton, Peter. Fire across the Desert : Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946-1980 (PDF Digitised 2017). Canberra: AGPS Press. 1989. ISBN 0-6481804-0-9.

[Shanks_&_Wrench-16] Shanks, D.; Wrench Jr., J. W. Calculation of $π$ to 100,000 decimals. Mathematics of Computation (American Mathematical Society). 1962, 16 (77): 76–99. JSTOR 2003813. doi:10.2307/2003813. .

[17] Mercer, R. J. Trace. Aerospace Orbit Determination Program. Defense Technical Information Center. 1964.

[crimson-18] Mathews, T. Jay. Operation Match. The Harvard Crimson. November 3, 1965 [July 22, 2020].

[19] Roger N. Shepard. Circularity in Judgements of Relative Pitch (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. December 1964, 36 (12): 2346–53. Bibcode:1964ASAJ...36.2346S. doi:10.1121/1.1919362.

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