黏土岩龙属

黏土岩龙属; 化石时期：; 马斯特里赫特阶，~71.7 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目：	獸腳亞目 Theropoda
科：	†阿贝力龙科 Abelisauridae
亚科：	†食肉牛龙亚科 Carnotaurinae
演化支：	†短吻龍類 Brachyrostra
演化支：	†堅背龍類 Furileusauria
族：	†食肉牛龙族 Carnotaurini
属：	†黏土岩龙属 Koleken; Pol（英语：Diego Pol） et al., 2024
模式種
	†伊氏黏土岩龙; Koleken inakayali; Pol et al., 2024

黏土岩龙（属名：Koleken，意为“来自黏土和水的”）是阿贝力龙科食肉牛龙族的一个属，化石在阿根廷丘布特省马斯特里赫特阶的殖民地组（英语：La Colonia Formation）发现。模式种兼唯一种是伊氏黏土岩龙（K. inakayali），所知于一具至少6岁的未成年标本。^[1]

发现与命名[编辑]

正模标本MPEF（英语：Museum of Paleontology Egidio Feruglio）-PV 10826最初于2015年发现并报道，^[2]但直到2024年才被描述为新种。该标本由“密切相关（但已经脱节）的颅骨和寰椎遗骸及关节连接的颅后骨骼（包括前8节背椎、一个完整的骶骨、8节尾椎、一个几乎完整的骨盆及后肢）”组成。本属以颅骨、椎骨及腿骨上发现的解剖特征而区别于体型更大的食肉牛龙。由于某些骨头缺乏融合，故认为该标本代表一具亚成体。^[1]

属名Koleken（國際音標：[kɒːlɛkɛn]）是巴塔哥尼亚中部原住民所使用的图申语（英语：Teushen language）人名，意为“来自黏土和水的”，这里指标本是在以黏土岩（英语：claystone）为主、代表河口湾环境的沉积剖面中发现。种名inakayali（國際音標：[ɪnækæjælaɪ]）致敬巴塔哥尼亚中部原住民特维尔切人（英语：Tehuelche people）末代酋长之一的伊纳卡雅尔（英语：Inacayal）。^[1]

分类[编辑]

在系统发育分析中，本属被置于阿贝力龙科食肉牛龙族且与其它食肉牛龙族共处同一多分支（英语：polytomy）中。^[1]

阿贝力龙科 Abelisauridae

	怪踝龙 Xenotarsosaurus

	始阿贝力龙 Eoabelisaurus

幽灵猎龙 Spectrovenator

皱褶龙 Rugops

“玛君龙亚科” "Majungasaurinae"

短吻龙类 Brachyrostra

阿克猎龙 Arcovenator

	爆诞龙 Ekrixinatosaurus

	肌肉龙 Ilokelesia

蝎猎龙 Skorpiovenator

坚背龙类 Furileusauria

骇龙 Llukalkan

道猎龙 Viavenator

食肉牛龙族 Carnotaurini

	黏土岩龙 Koleken

	迷雾龙 Niebla

	食肉牛龙 Carnotaurus

	奥卡龙 Aucasaurus

古生态学[编辑]

黏土岩龙发现于殖民地组（英语：La Colonia Formation）的露头中，该层地质年龄处在马斯特里赫特阶（白垩纪）至古新世（古近纪）边界上。^[3]该层最以阿贝力龙科兽脚类食肉牛龙和萨尔塔龙超科泰坦巨龙类巨陨龙^[1]^[4]以及包括龟鳖目的巴塔哥尼亚龟（英语：Patagoniaemys）、蛇类的阿拉米托斯蛇（英语：Alamitophis）及蛇颈龙类的卡瓦泳龙、丘布特泳龙和槽鳄龙（英语：Sulcusuchus）在内的其它爬行类化石而著称。^[2]^[5]^[6]^[7]地层中发现的哺乳动物包括瑞吉兽（英语：Reigitherium）、科洛尼亚兽（英语：Coloniatherium）、阿根廷旅兽（英语：Argentodites）及费鲁利奥兽（英语：Ferugliotherium）。^[8]^[9]一种反鸟类（可能是种今鸟亚纲）的残骸亦已发现。^[10]^[11]

参考资料[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pol, Diego; Baiano, Mattia Antonio; Černý, David; Novas, Fernando; Cerda, Ignacio A.; Pittman, Michael. A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria. Cladistics. 21 May 2024. doi:10.1111/cla.12583 .
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Gasparini, Zulma; Sterli, Juliana; Parras, Ana; Patricio O'Gorman, José; Salgado, Leonardo; Varela, Julio; Pol, Diego. Late Cretaceous reptilian biota of the La Colonia Formation, central Patagonia, Argentina: Occurrences, preservation and paleoenvironments. Cretaceous Research. May 2015, 54: 154–168 [21 May 2024]. Bibcode:2015CrRes..54..154G. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.11.010. hdl:11336/19244 .
^ Clyde, W. C.; Krause, J. M.; De Benedetti, F.; Ramezani, J.; Cúneo, N. R.; Gandolfo, M. A.; Haber, P.; Whelan, C.; Smith, T. New South American record of the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary interval (La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina). Cretaceous Research. 2021-10-01, 126: 104889. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12604889C. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104889 .
^ Pérez-Moreno, A.; Salgado, L.; Carballido, J. L.; Otero, A.; Pol, D. A new titanosaur from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 2024: 1–20. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2332997 .
^ O’Gorman, José P.; Carignano, Ana Paula; Calvo-Marcilese, Lydia; Pérez Panera, Juan Pablo. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the upper levels of the La Colonia Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2023-08-10, 152: 105674. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15205674O. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105674 （英语）.
^ José Patricio O'Gorman. First record of Kawanectes lafquenianum (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the La Colonia Formation of Argentina, with comments on the mandibular morphology of elasmosaurids. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 2020, 44 (1): 176–193. Bibcode:2020Alch...44..176P. S2CID 213090343. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1687754.
^ O'Gorman, J.P.; Gasparini, Z. Revision of Sulcusuchus erraini (Sauropterygia, Polycotylidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 2013, 37 (2): 163–176. Bibcode:2013Alch...37..163O. S2CID 131429825. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.736788. hdl:11336/2489 .
^ Forasiepi, Analía M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Hurum, Jørn; Currie, Philip J. First Dryolestoid (Mammalia, Dryolestoidea, Meridiolestida) from the Coniacian of Patagonia and New Evidence on their Early Radiation in South America. Ameghiniana. 1 December 2012, 49 (4): 497. S2CID 129208347. doi:10.5710/AMGH.8.8.2012.581.
^ Gurovich, Y.; Beck, R. The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2009, 16 (1): 25–49. S2CID 42799370. doi:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3.
^ Lawver, Daniel R.; Debee, Aj M.; Clarke, Julia A.; Rougier, Guillermo W. A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Upper Cretaceous La Colonia Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. Annals of Carnegie Museum. January 1, 2011, 80 (1): 35–42. S2CID 85015365. doi:10.2992/007.080.0104.
^ Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; O'Gorman, J. P.; Panzeri, K. M. A new Cretaceous bird from the Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation (Patagonia, Argentina). Cretaceous Research. 2023, 150. 105595. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005595A. S2CID 259059084. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105595.

[Pol2024-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pol, Diego; Baiano, Mattia Antonio; Černý, David; Novas, Fernando; Cerda, Ignacio A.; Pittman, Michael. A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria. Cladistics. 21 May 2024. doi:10.1111/cla.12583 .

[Gasparini2015-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Gasparini, Zulma; Sterli, Juliana; Parras, Ana; Patricio O'Gorman, José; Salgado, Leonardo; Varela, Julio; Pol, Diego. Late Cretaceous reptilian biota of the La Colonia Formation, central Patagonia, Argentina: Occurrences, preservation and paleoenvironments. Cretaceous Research. May 2015, 54: 154–168 [21 May 2024]. Bibcode:2015CrRes..54..154G. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.11.010. hdl:11336/19244 .

[LaColonia/K-Pg-3] Clyde, W. C.; Krause, J. M.; De Benedetti, F.; Ramezani, J.; Cúneo, N. R.; Gandolfo, M. A.; Haber, P.; Whelan, C.; Smith, T. New South American record of the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary interval (La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina). Cretaceous Research. 2021-10-01, 126: 104889. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12604889C. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104889 .

[Titanomachya-4] Pérez-Moreno, A.; Salgado, L.; Carballido, J. L.; Otero, A.; Pol, D. A new titanosaur from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 2024: 1–20. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2332997 .

[5] O’Gorman, José P.; Carignano, Ana Paula; Calvo-Marcilese, Lydia; Pérez Panera, Juan Pablo. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the upper levels of the La Colonia Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2023-08-10, 152: 105674. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15205674O. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105674 （英语）.

[6] José Patricio O'Gorman. First record of Kawanectes lafquenianum (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the La Colonia Formation of Argentina, with comments on the mandibular morphology of elasmosaurids. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 2020, 44 (1): 176–193. Bibcode:2020Alch...44..176P. S2CID 213090343. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1687754.

[7] O'Gorman, J.P.; Gasparini, Z. Revision of Sulcusuchus erraini (Sauropterygia, Polycotylidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 2013, 37 (2): 163–176. Bibcode:2013Alch...37..163O. S2CID 131429825. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.736788. hdl:11336/2489 .

[8] Forasiepi, Analía M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Hurum, Jørn; Currie, Philip J. First Dryolestoid (Mammalia, Dryolestoidea, Meridiolestida) from the Coniacian of Patagonia and New Evidence on their Early Radiation in South America. Ameghiniana. 1 December 2012, 49 (4): 497. S2CID 129208347. doi:10.5710/AMGH.8.8.2012.581.

[9] Gurovich, Y.; Beck, R. The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2009, 16 (1): 25–49. S2CID 42799370. doi:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3.

[10] Lawver, Daniel R.; Debee, Aj M.; Clarke, Julia A.; Rougier, Guillermo W. A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Upper Cretaceous La Colonia Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. Annals of Carnegie Museum. January 1, 2011, 80 (1): 35–42. S2CID 85015365. doi:10.2992/007.080.0104.

[11] Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; O'Gorman, J. P.; Panzeri, K. M. A new Cretaceous bird from the Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation (Patagonia, Argentina). Cretaceous Research. 2023, 150. 105595. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005595A. S2CID 259059084. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105595.

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