黏土岩龍屬

黏土岩龍屬; 化石時期：; 馬斯特里赫特階，~71.7 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	蜥形綱 Sauropsida
總目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
亞目：	獸腳亞目 Theropoda
科：	†阿貝力龍科 Abelisauridae
亞科：	†食肉牛龍亞科 Carnotaurinae
演化支：	†短吻龍類 Brachyrostra
演化支：	†堅背龍類 Furileusauria
族：	†食肉牛龍族 Carnotaurini
屬：	†黏土岩龍屬 Koleken; Pol（英語：Diego Pol） et al., 2024
模式種
	†伊氏黏土岩龍; Koleken inakayali; Pol et al., 2024

黏土岩龍（屬名：Koleken，意為「來自黏土和水的」）是阿貝力龍科食肉牛龍族的一個屬，化石在阿根廷丘布特省馬斯特里赫特階的殖民地組（英語：La Colonia Formation）發現。模式種兼唯一種是伊氏黏土岩龍（K. inakayali），所知於一具至少6歲的未成年標本。^[1]

發現與命名[編輯]

正模標本MPEF（英語：Museum of Paleontology Egidio Feruglio）-PV 10826最初於2015年發現並報道，^[2]但直到2024年才被描述為新種。該標本由「密切相關（但已經脫節）的顱骨和寰椎遺骸及關節連接的顱後骨骼（包括前8節背椎、一個完整的骶骨、8節尾椎、一個幾乎完整的骨盆及後肢）」組成。本屬以顱骨、椎骨及腿骨上發現的解剖特徵而區別於體型更大的食肉牛龍。由於某些骨頭缺乏融合，故認為該標本代表一具亞成體。^[1]

屬名Koleken（國際音標：[kɒːlɛkɛn]）是巴塔哥尼亞中部原住民所使用的圖申語（英語：Teushen language）人名，意為「來自黏土和水的」，這裡指標本是在以黏土岩（英語：claystone）為主、代表河口灣環境的沉積剖面中發現。種名inakayali（國際音標：[ɪnækæjælaɪ]）致敬巴塔哥尼亞中部原住民特維爾切人（英語：Tehuelche people）末代酋長之一的伊納卡雅爾（英語：Inacayal）。^[1]

分類[編輯]

在系統發育分析中，本屬被置於阿貝力龍科食肉牛龍族且與其它食肉牛龍族共處同一多分支（英語：polytomy）中。^[1]

阿貝力龍科 Abelisauridae

	怪踝龍 Xenotarsosaurus

	始阿貝力龍 Eoabelisaurus

幽靈獵龍 Spectrovenator

皺褶龍 Rugops

「瑪君龍亞科」 "Majungasaurinae"

短吻龍類 Brachyrostra

阿克獵龍 Arcovenator

	爆誕龍 Ekrixinatosaurus

	肌肉龍 Ilokelesia

蠍獵龍 Skorpiovenator

堅背龍類 Furileusauria

駭龍 Llukalkan

道獵龍 Viavenator

食肉牛龍族 Carnotaurini

	黏土岩龍 Koleken

	迷霧龍 Niebla

	食肉牛龍 Carnotaurus

	奧卡龍 Aucasaurus

古生態學[編輯]

黏土岩龍發現於殖民地組（英語：La Colonia Formation）的露頭中，該層地質年齡處在馬斯特里赫特階（白堊紀）至古新世（古近紀）邊界上。^[3]該層最以阿貝力龍科獸腳類食肉牛龍和薩爾塔龍超科泰坦巨龍類巨隕龍^[1]^[4]以及包括龜鱉目的巴塔哥尼亞龜（英語：Patagoniaemys）、蛇類的阿拉米托斯蛇（英語：Alamitophis）及蛇頸龍類的卡瓦泳龍、丘布特泳龍和槽鱷龍（英語：Sulcusuchus）在內的其它爬行類化石而著稱。^[2]^[5]^[6]^[7]地層中發現的哺乳動物包括瑞吉獸（英語：Reigitherium）、科洛尼亞獸（英語：Coloniatherium）、阿根廷旅獸（英語：Argentodites）及費魯利奧獸（英語：Ferugliotherium）。^[8]^[9]一種反鳥類（可能是種今鳥亞綱）的殘骸亦已發現。^[10]^[11]

參考資料[編輯]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pol, Diego; Baiano, Mattia Antonio; Černý, David; Novas, Fernando; Cerda, Ignacio A.; Pittman, Michael. A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria. Cladistics. 21 May 2024. doi:10.1111/cla.12583 .
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Gasparini, Zulma; Sterli, Juliana; Parras, Ana; Patricio O'Gorman, José; Salgado, Leonardo; Varela, Julio; Pol, Diego. Late Cretaceous reptilian biota of the La Colonia Formation, central Patagonia, Argentina: Occurrences, preservation and paleoenvironments. Cretaceous Research. May 2015, 54: 154–168 [21 May 2024]. Bibcode:2015CrRes..54..154G. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.11.010. hdl:11336/19244 .
^ Clyde, W. C.; Krause, J. M.; De Benedetti, F.; Ramezani, J.; Cúneo, N. R.; Gandolfo, M. A.; Haber, P.; Whelan, C.; Smith, T. New South American record of the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary interval (La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina). Cretaceous Research. 2021-10-01, 126: 104889. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12604889C. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104889 .
^ Pérez-Moreno, A.; Salgado, L.; Carballido, J. L.; Otero, A.; Pol, D. A new titanosaur from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 2024: 1–20. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2332997 .
^ O』Gorman, José P.; Carignano, Ana Paula; Calvo-Marcilese, Lydia; Pérez Panera, Juan Pablo. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the upper levels of the La Colonia Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2023-08-10, 152: 105674. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15205674O. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105674 （英語）.
^ José Patricio O'Gorman. First record of Kawanectes lafquenianum (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the La Colonia Formation of Argentina, with comments on the mandibular morphology of elasmosaurids. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 2020, 44 (1): 176–193. Bibcode:2020Alch...44..176P. S2CID 213090343. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1687754.
^ O'Gorman, J.P.; Gasparini, Z. Revision of Sulcusuchus erraini (Sauropterygia, Polycotylidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 2013, 37 (2): 163–176. Bibcode:2013Alch...37..163O. S2CID 131429825. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.736788. hdl:11336/2489 .
^ Forasiepi, Analía M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Hurum, Jørn; Currie, Philip J. First Dryolestoid (Mammalia, Dryolestoidea, Meridiolestida) from the Coniacian of Patagonia and New Evidence on their Early Radiation in South America. Ameghiniana. 1 December 2012, 49 (4): 497. S2CID 129208347. doi:10.5710/AMGH.8.8.2012.581.
^ Gurovich, Y.; Beck, R. The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2009, 16 (1): 25–49. S2CID 42799370. doi:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3.
^ Lawver, Daniel R.; Debee, Aj M.; Clarke, Julia A.; Rougier, Guillermo W. A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Upper Cretaceous La Colonia Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. Annals of Carnegie Museum. January 1, 2011, 80 (1): 35–42. S2CID 85015365. doi:10.2992/007.080.0104.
^ Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; O'Gorman, J. P.; Panzeri, K. M. A new Cretaceous bird from the Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation (Patagonia, Argentina). Cretaceous Research. 2023, 150. 105595. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005595A. S2CID 259059084. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105595.

[Pol2024-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pol, Diego; Baiano, Mattia Antonio; Černý, David; Novas, Fernando; Cerda, Ignacio A.; Pittman, Michael. A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria. Cladistics. 21 May 2024. doi:10.1111/cla.12583 .

[Gasparini2015-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Gasparini, Zulma; Sterli, Juliana; Parras, Ana; Patricio O'Gorman, José; Salgado, Leonardo; Varela, Julio; Pol, Diego. Late Cretaceous reptilian biota of the La Colonia Formation, central Patagonia, Argentina: Occurrences, preservation and paleoenvironments. Cretaceous Research. May 2015, 54: 154–168 [21 May 2024]. Bibcode:2015CrRes..54..154G. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.11.010. hdl:11336/19244 .

[LaColonia/K-Pg-3] Clyde, W. C.; Krause, J. M.; De Benedetti, F.; Ramezani, J.; Cúneo, N. R.; Gandolfo, M. A.; Haber, P.; Whelan, C.; Smith, T. New South American record of the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary interval (La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina). Cretaceous Research. 2021-10-01, 126: 104889. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12604889C. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104889 .

[Titanomachya-4] Pérez-Moreno, A.; Salgado, L.; Carballido, J. L.; Otero, A.; Pol, D. A new titanosaur from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 2024: 1–20. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2332997 .

[5] O』Gorman, José P.; Carignano, Ana Paula; Calvo-Marcilese, Lydia; Pérez Panera, Juan Pablo. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the upper levels of the La Colonia Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2023-08-10, 152: 105674. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15205674O. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105674 （英語）.

[6] José Patricio O'Gorman. First record of Kawanectes lafquenianum (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the La Colonia Formation of Argentina, with comments on the mandibular morphology of elasmosaurids. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 2020, 44 (1): 176–193. Bibcode:2020Alch...44..176P. S2CID 213090343. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1687754.

[7] O'Gorman, J.P.; Gasparini, Z. Revision of Sulcusuchus erraini (Sauropterygia, Polycotylidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 2013, 37 (2): 163–176. Bibcode:2013Alch...37..163O. S2CID 131429825. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.736788. hdl:11336/2489 .

[8] Forasiepi, Analía M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Hurum, Jørn; Currie, Philip J. First Dryolestoid (Mammalia, Dryolestoidea, Meridiolestida) from the Coniacian of Patagonia and New Evidence on their Early Radiation in South America. Ameghiniana. 1 December 2012, 49 (4): 497. S2CID 129208347. doi:10.5710/AMGH.8.8.2012.581.

[9] Gurovich, Y.; Beck, R. The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2009, 16 (1): 25–49. S2CID 42799370. doi:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3.

[10] Lawver, Daniel R.; Debee, Aj M.; Clarke, Julia A.; Rougier, Guillermo W. A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Upper Cretaceous La Colonia Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. Annals of Carnegie Museum. January 1, 2011, 80 (1): 35–42. S2CID 85015365. doi:10.2992/007.080.0104.

[11] Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; O'Gorman, J. P.; Panzeri, K. M. A new Cretaceous bird from the Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation (Patagonia, Argentina). Cretaceous Research. 2023, 150. 105595. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005595A. S2CID 259059084. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105595.

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